第 1 章 计算机系统概述······················································································.1 
1.1 计算机的发展史·····················································································.1 
1.1.1 计算机的产生与发展 ·······································································.1 
1.1.2 计算机软件的兴起与发展·································································.2 
1.1.3 计算机的发展趋势 ··········································································.3 
1.2 计算机的分类与应用···············································································.3 
1.2.1 计算机的分类 ················································································.3 
1.2.2 计算机的应用 ················································································.4 
1.3 计算机的硬件组成··················································································.5 
1.3.1 冯·诺依曼结构 ···············································································.5 
1.3.2 计算机五大部件 ·············································································.6 
1.4 计算机软件系统·····················································································.7 
1.4.1 系统软件 ······················································································.8 
1.4.2 应用软件 ······················································································.8 
1.5 计算机系统的层次结构············································································.9 
1.5.1 计算机软件和硬件的关系·································································.9 
1.5.2 计算机系统的多级层次结构······························································.9 
1.6 计算机的工作过程与性能指标···································································10 
1.6.1 计算机的工作过程 ··········································································10 
1.6.2 计算机的性能指标 ··········································································12 
1.7 学习加油站···························································································13 
1.7.1 答疑解惑 ······················································································13 
1.7.2 小型案例 ······················································································14 
1.7.3 考研真题解析 ················································································14 
1.7.4 综合题详解 ···················································································16 
1.8 习题····································································································17 
第 2 章 数据的机器表示······················································································18 
2.1 数值数据的表示·····················································································18 
2.1.1 进位计数制之间的转换 ····································································18 
2.1.2 无符号数与有符号数 ·······································································20 
2.1.3 原码 ····························································································21 
2.1.4 补码 ····························································································22 
2.1.5 反码 ····························································································24 
2.2 数值的定点表示与浮点表示······································································25 
2.2.1 定点表示 ······················································································25 
2.2.2 浮点表示 ······················································································27 
2.2.3 浮点数阶码的移码表示法·································································28 
2.2.4 定点数与浮点数的比较 ····································································29 
2.2.5 IEEE754 浮点标准 ··········································································30 
2.3 文字数据的表示·····················································································31 
2.3.1 字符与字符串的表示 ·······································································31 
2.3.2 汉字的表示 ···················································································32 
2.4 数据校验码···························································································34 
2.4.1 奇偶校验码 ···················································································34 
2.4.2 海明校验码 ···················································································36 
2.4.3 循环冗余校验码 ·············································································39 
2.5 学习加油站···························································································41 
2.5.1 答疑解惑 ······················································································41 
2.5.2 小型案例 ······················································································42 
2.5.3 考研真题解析 ················································································43 
2.5.4 综合题详解 ···················································································46 
2.6 习题····································································································47 
第 3 章 存储器系统····························································································49 
3.1 存储器概述···························································································49 
3.1.1 存储器的分类 ················································································49 
3.1.2 存储器的层次结构 ··········································································51 
3.1.3 存储器的主要技术指标 ····································································52 
3.2 内部存储器···························································································53 
3.2.1 内存芯片的基本结构 ·······································································53 
3.2.2 内存单元地址的分配 ·······································································54 
3.2.3 内存的分类 ···················································································54 
3.2.4 存储芯片的连接方法 ·······································································63 
3.2.5 提高访存速度的措施 ·······································································68 
3.3 Cache ··································································································71 
3.3.1 Cache 在存储体系中的作用·······························································71 
3.3.2 Cache 的构成·················································································71 
3.3.3 Cache 的基本原理···········································································72 
3.3.4 Cache 的地址映射方式·····································································72 
3.3.5 替换策略 ······················································································76 
3.4 外部存储器···························································································76 
3.4.1 磁盘 ····························································································76 
3.4.2 光盘 ····························································································82 
3.5 学习加油站···························································································85 
3.5.1 答疑解惑 ······················································································85 
3.5.2 小型案例 ······················································································87 
3.5.3 考研真题解析 ················································································89 
3.5.4 综合题详解 ···················································································95 
3.6 习题····································································································97 
第 4 章 运算器及运算方法················································································.100 
4.1 逻辑运算与移位操作············································································.100 
4.1.1 逻辑运算 ···················································································.100 
4.1.2 移位操作 ···················································································.101 
4.2 定点运算···························································································.103 
4.2.1 定点补码加减法运算 ····································································.103 
4.2.2 定点乘法运算 ·············································································.107 
4.2.3 定点除法运算 ·············································································.116 
4.3 浮点四则运算·····················································································.122 
4.3.1 浮点加减运算 ·············································································.122 
4.3.2 浮点乘除运算 ·············································································.125 
4.4 运算器的组成与结构············································································.126 
4.4.1 定点运算器 ················································································.126 
4.4.2 浮点运算器 ················································································.130 
4.5 学习加油站························································································.131 
4.5.1 答疑解惑 ···················································································.131 
4.5.2 小型案例实训 ·············································································.132 
4.5.3 考研真题解析 ·············································································.135 
4.5.4 综合题详解 ················································································.140 
4.6 习题·································································································.142 
第 5 章 指令系统····························································································.145 
5.1 机器指令···························································································.145 
5.1.1 指令格式 ···················································································.145 
5.1.2 指令字长 ···················································································.145 
5.1.3 指令的地址结构 ··········································································.146 
5.1.4 指令操作码 ················································································.148 
5.2 寻址方式···························································································.149 
5.2.1 寻址的基本概念 ··········································································.150 
5.2.2 指令的寻址方式 ··········································································.150 
5.2.3 操作数的寻址方式 ·······································································.151 
5.3 指令的分类························································································.156 
5.3.1 指令系统的基本要求 ····································································.156 
5.3.2 数据传送指令 ·············································································.157 
5.3.3 算术运算指令 ·············································································.157 
5.3.4 逻辑运算指令 ·············································································.158 
5.3.5 程序控制指令 ·············································································.159 
5.3.6 输入输出指令 ·············································································.160 
5.3.7 字符串类指令 ·············································································.161 
5.3.8 系统控制指令 ·············································································.161 
5.3.9 其他指令 ···················································································.161 
5.4 CISC 与 RISC 技术 ··············································································.161 
5.4.1 CISC 到 RISC 的转变 ···································································.161 
5.4.2 RISC 的要素及特征······································································.163 
5.4.3 CISC 与 RISC 的比较 ···································································.165 
5.5 学习加油站························································································.166 
5.5.1 答疑解惑 ···················································································.166 
5.5.2 小型案例实训 ·············································································.167 
5.5.3 考研真题解析 ·············································································.168 
5.5.4 综合题详解 ················································································.173 
5.6 习题·································································································.175 
第 6 章 中央处理器·························································································.180 
6.1 CPU 的总体结构 ·················································································.180 
6.1.1 CPU 的功能················································································.180 
6.1.2 CPU 的基本组成 ·········································································.180 
6.1.3 CPU 中的主要寄存器 ···································································.181 
6.2 指令周期···························································································.184 
6.2.1 指令周期的基本概念 ····································································.184 
6.2.2 非访问内存指令的指令周期···························································.185
6.2.3 存数指令的指令周期 ····································································.186 
6.2.4 取数指令的指令周期 ····································································.187 
6.2.5 空操作指令的指令周期 ·································································.187 
6.2.6 转移指令的指令周期 ····································································.187 
6.2.7 指令的取指和执行过程 ·································································.188 
6.3 时序信号的产生与控制·········································································.190 
6.3.1 时序信号产生器 ··········································································.190 
6.3.2 时序信号控制方式 ·······································································.191 
6.4 组合逻辑控制器设计············································································.192 
6.4.1 组合逻辑控制器原理框图······························································.193 
6.4.2 组合逻辑设计步骤 ·······································································.193 
6.5 微程序······························································································.194 
6.5.1 微程序控制器概述 ·······································································.194 
6.5.2 微指令和微程序 ··········································································.195 
6.5.3 微指令的编码方式与格式······························································.196 
6.5.4 微地址的形成方式 ·······································································.199 
6.5.5 静态微程序设计与动态微程序设计··················································.202 
6.6 流水线处理技术··················································································.203 
6.6.1 流水线的分类 ·············································································.203 
6.6.2 流水 CPU 的结构·········································································.204 
6.6.3 流水线的相关问题 ·······································································.205 
6.7 学习加油站························································································.207 
6.7.1 答疑解惑 ···················································································.207 
6.7.2 小型案例实训 ·············································································.208 
6.7.3 考研真题解析 ·············································································.217 
6.7.4 综合题详解 ················································································.222 
6.8 习题·································································································.225 
第 7 章 系统总线····························································································.227 
7.1 总线概述···························································································.227 
7.1.1 总线的分类 ················································································.227 
7.1.2 总线特性 ···················································································.228 
7.1.3 总线标准化 ················································································.229 
7.1.4 总线宽度 ···················································································.231 
7.2 总线结构···························································································.232 
7.2.1 总线的结构 ················································································.232 
7.2.2 总线结构对计算机性能的影响························································.234 
7.2.3 总线的内部结构 ··········································································.235 
7.3 总线接口···························································································.236 
7.3.1 信息的传送方式 ··········································································.237 
7.3.2 总线接口的基本概念 ····································································.239 
7.3.3 总线接口的基本功能 ····································································.240 
7.4 总线控制···························································································.240 
7.4.1 系统总线的争用与裁决 ·································································.241 
7.4.2 控制算法 ···················································································.243 
7.5 学习加油站························································································.244 
7.5.1 答疑解惑 ···················································································.244 
7.5.2 小型案例实训 ·············································································.246 
7.5.3 考研真题解析 ·············································································.247 
7.5.4 综合题详解 ················································································.249 
7.6 习题·································································································.251 
第 8 章 外围设备····························································································.253 
8.1 外围设备概述·····················································································.253 
8.1.1 外围设备的功能 ··········································································.253 
8.1.2 外围设备的分类 ··········································································.254 
8.2 输入设备···························································································.255 
8.2.1 键盘 ·························································································.255 
8.2.2 鼠标 ·························································································.258 
8.3 输出设备···························································································.259 
8.3.1 CRT 显示器················································································.260 
8.3.2 液晶显示器 ················································································.261 
8.3.3 打印机 ······················································································.263 
8.4 学习加油站························································································.268 
8.4.1 答疑解惑 ···················································································.268 
8.4.2 小型案例 ···················································································.269 
8.4.3 考研真题解析 ·············································································.270 
8.4.4 综合题详解 ················································································.271 
8.5 习题·································································································.272 
第 9 章 输入 / 输出系统 ···················································································.273 
9.1 I / O 系统概论·····················································································.273 
9.1.1 外围设备的定时方式 ····································································.273 
9.1.2 I / O 控制的种类··········································································.274 
9.2 I / O 接口···························································································.274 
9.2.1 I / O 接口的主要功能····································································.275 
9.2.2 I / O 接口的主要组成部件······························································.276 
9.2.3 I / O 接口编址方式·······································································.276 
9.3 I / O 系统的信息传送控制方式 ·······························································.277 
9.3.1 程序直接控制方式 ·······································································.277 
9.3.2 程序中断方式 ·············································································.279 
9.3.3 DMA 方式 ·················································································.279 
9.3.4 通道方式 ···················································································.280 
9.3.5 外围处理机方式 ··········································································.280 
9.4 中断·································································································.280 
9.4.1 中断的概念 ················································································.281 
9.4.2 中断系统的作用及功能 ·································································.281 
9.4.3 中断的分类 ················································································.282 
9.4.4 中断的基本过程 ··········································································.283 
9.5 DMA 方式 ·························································································.287 
9.5.1 DMA 方式的特点及基本操作 ·························································.287 
9.5.2 DMA 使用内存方式 ·····································································.287 
9.5.3 DMA 控制器 ··············································································.289 
9.6 通道方式···························································································.291 
9.7 学习加油站························································································.295 
9.7.1 答疑解惑 ···················································································.295 
9.7.2 小型案例实训 ·············································································.298 
9.7.3 考研真题解析 ·············································································.299 
9.7.4 综合题详解 ················································································.305 
9.8 习题·································································································.308 
参考文献········································································································.311