目 录
第1 章 光电探测技术基础理论 ·····················································································.1
1.1 光电探测系统概述 ·································································································.1
1.2 辐射度学和光度学 ·································································································.1
1.2.1 辐射度学 ····································································································.1
1.2.2 光度学 ·······································································································.3
1.2.3 辐射度学与光度学的基本定律 ·········································································.5
1.2.4 黑体辐射 ····································································································.7
1.3 半导体基础知识 ····································································································.9
1.3.1 半导体结构 ·································································································.9
1.3.2 半导体中的载流子浓度 ·················································································.12
1.4 半导体的光电效应 ································································································.16
1.4.1 光电导效应 ································································································.16
1.4.2 光伏效应 ···································································································.17
1.4.3 光电发射效应 ·····························································································.19
1.5 光热效应 ············································································································.20
1.5.1 热电偶和热电堆 ··························································································.21
1.5.2 热释电探测器件 ··························································································.22
1.6 光电探测器件的噪声和主要特性参数 ········································································.25
1.6.1 光电探测器件的噪声 ····················································································.25
1.6.2 光电探测器件的主要特性参数 ········································································.27
思考与练习 ···············································································································.29
第2 章 光电探测系统中的常用光源 ·············································································.30
2.1 光源的基本特性参数 ·····························································································.30
2.1.1 辐射效率和发光效率 ····················································································.30
2.1.2 光谱功率分布 ·····························································································.31
2.1.3 空间发光强度分布 ·······················································································.31
2.1.4 光源的颜色 ································································································.32
2.1.5 光源的色温 ································································································.32
2.2 热辐射源 ············································································································.33
2.2.1 太阳与黑体模拟器 ·······················································································.33
2.2.2 白炽灯与卤钨灯 ··························································································.34
2.3 气体放电光源 ······································································································.34
2.4 发光二极管 ·········································································································.37
2.4.1 无机材料发光二极管 ····················································································.37
2.4.2 有机材料发光二极管 ····················································································.40
2.5 激光器 ···············································································································.43
2.5.1 激光器的基本原理 ·······················································································.43
2.5.2 激光器的分类及应用 ····················································································.44
2.5.3 激光的特性 ································································································.52
2.6 新型光源 ············································································································.53
2.6.1 ASE 光源 ··································································································.53
2.6.2 超连续谱光源 ·····························································································.54
思考与练习 ···············································································································.55
第3 章 光电发射器件 ··································································································.57
3.1 光电阴极 ············································································································.57
3.1.1 光电阴极的主要特性参数 ··············································································.57
3.1.2 常用光电阴极材料 ·······················································································.59
3.2 光电管与光电倍增管 ·····························································································.61
3.2.1 光电管的结构及原理 ····················································································.61
3.2.2 光电倍增管的结构及原理 ··············································································.61
3.2.3 微通道板光电倍增管的结构及原理 ··································································.63
3.3 光电倍增管的主要特性参数 ····················································································.66
3.4 光电倍增管的供电电路和信号输出电路 ·····································································.70
3.4.1 供电电路 ···································································································.70
3.4.2 信号输出电路 ·····························································································.73
3.5 像增强器 ············································································································.74
3.5.1 第一代像增强器 ··························································································.74
3.5.2 第二代像增强器 ··························································································.75
3.5.3 超二代像增强器 ··························································································.75
3.5.4 第三代及第四代像增强器 ··············································································.75
3.6 光电发射器件的应用 ·····························································································.76
3.6.1 光电倍增管的典型应用 ·················································································.76
3.6.2 像增强器的典型应用 ····················································································.78
思考与练习 ···············································································································.79
第4 章 光电导探测器件 ·······························································································.80
4.1 光电导探测器件的工作原理与结构特点 ·····································································.80
4.1.1 光电导原理 ································································································.80
4.1.2 光电导探测器件的结构特点 ···········································································.82
4.2 光电导探测器件材料及结构特点 ··············································································.83
4.3 光电导探测器件的主要特性参数 ··············································································.85
4.3.1 光电流及光电导增益 ····················································································.85
4.3.2 光电特性 ···································································································.86
4.3.3 光谱特性 ···································································································.88
4.3.4 伏安特性 ···································································································.89
4.3.5 时间响应及频率特性 ····················································································.90
4.3.6 前历效应 ···································································································.92
4.3.7 温度特性 ···································································································.93
4.4 光电导探测器件的转换电路 ····················································································.93
4.4.1 基本偏置电路 ·····························································································.93
4.4.2 恒流偏置电路 ·····························································································.94
4.4.3 恒压偏置电路 ·····························································································.95
4.5 光电导探测器件的应用实例 ····················································································.96
4.5.1 自动调光台灯控制电路 ·················································································.96
4.5.2 声光控制延时电路 ·······················································································.97
4.5.3 火焰探测报警器 ··························································································.98
4.5.4 相机自动曝光控制电路 ·················································································.99
4.5.5 热电制冷型红外测温仪 ···············································································.100
思考与练习 ·············································································································.101
第5 章 半导体结型光电器件 ······················································································.102
5.1 结型光电器件的基本原理 ·····················································································.102
5.1.1 热平衡状态下的PN 结 ···············································································.102
5.1.2 光照下的PN 结 ························································································.102
5.2 硅光电池 ··········································································································.105
5.2.1 硅光电池的基本结构 ··················································································.105
5.2.2 硅光电池的工作原理 ··················································································.106
5.2.3 硅光电池的特性参数 ··················································································.106
5.3 硅光电二极管 ····································································································.109
5.3.1 硅光电二极管的基本结构 ············································································.109
5.3.2 硅光电二极管的工作原理 ············································································.110
5.3.3 硅光电二极管的电流方程 ············································································.110
5.3.4 硅光电二极管的基本特性 ············································································.111
5.4 硅光电三极管 ····································································································.114
5.4.1 硅光电三极管的基本结构 ············································································.114
5.4.2 硅光电三极管的工作原理 ············································································.115
5.4.3 硅光电三极管的基本特性 ············································································.116
5.5 结型光电器件的偏置电路 ·····················································································.119
5.5.1 反向偏置电路 ···························································································.119
5.5.2 零偏置电路 ······························································································.121
5.5.3 其他光电转换电路 ·····················································································.122
5.6 特殊结型光电二极管 ···························································································.124
5.6.1 PIN 结型光电二极管 ··················································································.124
5.6.2 雪崩光电二极管 ························································································.124
5.6.3 半导体色敏探测器件 ··················································································.126
5.7 象限探测器件和位置敏感探测器件 ·········································································.128
5.7.1 象限探测器件 ···························································································.128
5.7.2 位置敏感探测器件 ·····················································································.131
5.8 结型光电器件的特性参数与选用 ············································································.135
5.8.1 结型光电器件的特性参数 ············································································.136
5.8.2 结型光电器件的选用 ··················································································.137
思考与练习 ·············································································································.138
第6 章 光电成像器件 ································································································.140
6.1 真空成像器件 ····································································································.140
6.1.1 像管 ·······································································································.140
6.1.2 摄像管 ····································································································.143
6.2 固体成像器件 ····································································································.145
6.2.1 电荷耦合器件 ···························································································.145
6.2.2 CMOS 图像传感器 ····················································································.153
6.2.3 工业相机简介 ···························································································.158
6.2.4 机器视觉系统的组成及应用 ·········································································.161
6.3 工业相机的应用 ·································································································.169
6.3.1 条纹相机 ·································································································.169
6.3.2 立体相机 ·································································································.175
6.3.3 偏振相机 ·································································································.181
6.3.4 光谱相机 ·································································································.184
思考与练习 ·············································································································.186
第7 章 红外探测器件 ································································································.188
7.1 红外探测器件分类 ······························································································.188
7.1.1 热探测器件 ······························································································.188
7.1.2 光子探测器件 ···························································································.189
7.1.3 红外探测器件的工作条件与性能参数 ·····························································.190
7.2 常用红外探测器件 ······························································································.198
7.2.1 光电导红外探测器件的工作原理与性能分析 ····················································.198
7.2.2 扫积型红外探测器件原理与结构 ···································································.201
7.2.3 光伏红外探测器件的工作原理与性能分析 ·······················································.203
7.2.4 肖特基势垒光电探测器件的工作原理 ·····························································.205
7.2.5 量子阱红外光子探测器件 ············································································.206
7.3 常用热探测器件 ·································································································.207
7.3.1 热敏电阻 ·································································································.208
7.3.2 热释电探测器件 ························································································.211
7.3.3 高莱管 ····································································································.213
7.4 其他红外探测器件 ······························································································.214
7.4.1 锑化铟红外探测器件 ··················································································.214
7.4.2 碲镉汞红外探测器件 ··················································································.215
7.4.3 碲锡铅红外探测器件 ··················································································.215
7.4.4 砷化镓红外探测器件 ··················································································.216
7.4.5 光子牵引探测器件 ·····················································································.217
7.4.6 MOS 探测器件 ·························································································.218
7.5 红外探测器件的原理及应用 ··················································································.218
7.5.1 红外夜视仪的原理及应用 ············································································.218
7.5.2 红外热成像仪的原理及应用 ·········································································.220
7.5.3 红外制导系统的原理及应用 ·········································································.221
思考与练习 ·············································································································.221
第8 章 微纳光学探测器件 ·························································································.222
8.1 光学微腔型探测器件 ···························································································.222
8.1.1 法布里-珀罗型微腔 ····················································································.224
8.1.2 回音壁型微腔 ···························································································.226
8.1.3 光子晶体型微腔 ························································································.227
8.1.4 光学微腔在光学探测中的应用 ······································································.227
8.1.5 光学微腔在激光器和传感器中的应用 ·····························································.229
8.2 二维微纳光学探测器件 ························································································.232
8.2.1 二维肖特基结型光学探测器件 ······································································.232
8.2.2 二维光电二极管 ························································································.234
8.2.3 二维光电三极管 ························································································.236
8.3 表面等离激元微纳光学探测器件 ············································································.238
8.3.1 表面等离激元光场调控 ···············································································.238
8.3.2 亚波长微纳结构等离激元器件 ······································································.240
8.3.3 表面等离激元增强型光学探测器件 ································································.241
8.3.4 表面等离激元在纳米激光器和传感器中的应用 ·················································.243
8.4 柔性微纳光学探测器件 ························································································.247
8.4.1 基于传统无机半导体材料的柔性微纳光学探测器件 ···········································.247
8.4.2 基于新型柔性材料的柔性微纳光学探测器件 ····················································.248
8.4.3 柔性微纳光学探测器件在仿生方面的应用 ·······················································.250
8.4.4 柔性微纳光学探测器件在传感和显示方面的应用 ··············································.252
思考与练习 ·············································································································.254
第9 章 典型光电探测系统 ·························································································.255
9.1 瞬态表面高温光电探测系统和校准系统 ···································································.255
9.1.1 瞬态表面高温光电探测系统 ·········································································.255
9.1.2 瞬态表面温度传感器可溯源校准系统 ·····························································.265
9.1.3 瞬态高温测量的外推方法 ············································································.274
9.2 激光光幕靶光电探测系统及校准 ············································································.275
9.2.1 整体框架型激光光幕靶 ···············································································.276
9.2.2 分离型激光光幕靶 ·····················································································.279
9.2.3 激光光幕靶的校准 ·····················································································.286
9.2.4 激光光幕靶的应用拓展 ···············································································.287
9.3 原子发射双谱线光电测温系统 ···············································································.290
9.3.1 原子发射双谱线光电测温原理 ······································································.290
9.3.2 原子发射双谱线光电测温技术 ······································································.290
9.4 吸收光谱技术 ····································································································.293
9.4.1 红外吸收光谱检测技术 ···············································································.293
9.4.2 可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术 ···································································.296
9.4.3 光声光谱技术 ···························································································.301
9.5 其他光电探测系统 ······························································································.305
9.5.1 归一化植被指数光电探测系统 ······································································.305
9.5.2 光纤传像元件光学特性光电探测系统 ·····························································.309
9.5.3 基于位置传感器的自动步枪的自动机运动参数光电探测系统 ·······························.312
9.5.4 导弹轨上运动参数光电探测系统 ···································································.314
9.5.5 纯镁或镁合金燃点比色测温系统 ···································································.315
思考与练习 ·············································································································.317
第10 章 光电探测新技术及应用 ················································································.319
10.1 激光散斑测量技术及应用 ···················································································.319
10.1.1 散斑的数学描述 ······················································································.320
10.1.2 激光散斑测量方法 ···················································································.320
10.2 太赫兹技术及应用 ····························································································.323
10.2.1 太赫兹波及特点 ······················································································.323
10.2.2 太赫兹波成像技术的应用 ··········································································.325
思考与练习 ·············································································································.331
参考文献 ······················································································································.332