目 录
第 1 章 光学实验常用器件说明 ·······························································································1
1.1 底座类器件···················································································································1
1.1.1 磁性表座 ··········································································································1
1.1.2 带转接板的磁性表座·······················································································1
1.1.3 支杆底座 ··········································································································1
1.1.4 多孔固定板·······································································································1
1.2 支撑类器件···················································································································2
1.2.1 调节支座 ··········································································································2
1.2.2 支杆··················································································································2
1.2.3 螺旋高度调节架·······························································································2
1.2.4 一维精密平移台（侧推） ···············································································3
1.2.5 一维精密平移台（正推） ···············································································3
1.2.6 二维精密平移台·······························································································3
1.2.7 摆角器 ··············································································································3
1.2.8 手动数显平移台·······························································································4
1.3 夹持类器件···················································································································4
1.3.1 干板架 ··············································································································4
1.3.2 带胶垫的干板架·······························································································4
1.3.3 激光管夹持器···································································································4
1.4 镜架类器件···················································································································5
1.4.1 简易镜架 ··········································································································5
1.4.2 精密镜架 ··········································································································5
1.4.3 偏心式镜架·······································································································5
1.4.4 偏振片架 ··········································································································6
1.4.5 波片架 ··············································································································6
1.4.6 沃拉斯顿棱镜转接圈·······················································································6
1.5 光学元器件···················································································································7
1.5.1 平凸透镜 ··········································································································7
1.5.2 双凹透镜 ··········································································································7
1.5.3 反射镜 ··············································································································7
1.5.4 分光光楔 ··········································································································8
1.5.5 偏振片 ··············································································································8
1.5.6 波片··················································································································8
·VI·
1.5.7 中性密度滤光片·······························································································9
1.5.8 沃拉斯顿棱镜···································································································9
1.5.9 显微物镜 ········································································································10
1.6 光源类器件·················································································································10
1.6.1 氦氖激光器·····································································································10
1.6.2 钠灯················································································································11
1.6.3 溴钨灯 ············································································································11
1.7 目标物、待测物类器件······························································································11
1.7.1 可调狭缝 ········································································································11
1.7.2 物理光学孔板·································································································11
1.7.3 物理光学缝孔板·····························································································12
1.7.4 气室················································································································12
1.7.5 幻灯片 ············································································································13
1.7.6 菲林格标定板·································································································13
1.8 探测、接收类器件 ·····································································································13
1.8.1 白屏················································································································13
1.8.2 黑白 CMOS 相机····························································································14
1.8.3 彩色 CMOS 相机····························································································14
1.8.4 激光功率计·····································································································14
第 2 章 光学透镜和光学反射镜结构及参数说明 ··································································16
2.1 光学透镜·····················································································································16
2.1.1 结构················································································································16
2.1.2 材料················································································································17
2.1.3 增透膜 ············································································································18
2.1.4 K9 平凸透镜（单层氯化镁增透膜） ····························································18
2.1.5 K9 双凹透镜（单层氯化镁增透膜） ····························································18
2.1.6 带框透镜 ········································································································19
2.2 光学反射镜·················································································································19
2.2.1 为什么金属膜反射镜常带保护膜··································································20
2.2.2 反射镜镀膜与温度湿度的关系······································································20
2.2.3 激光损伤阈值·································································································20
2.2.4 保护银反射镜·································································································20
2.2.5 加强铝反射镜·································································································21
第 3 章 分光计的介绍及调节方法 ·························································································23
3.1 分光计的结构·············································································································23
3.2 分光计的调节·············································································································25
3.2.1 目镜调焦 ········································································································25
3.2.2 调节望远镜对平行光聚焦 ·············································································26
·VII·
3.2.3 调整望远镜光轴与仪器主轴垂直··································································26
3.2.4 调节过程中遇到的问题及解决方法······························································27
第 4 章 读数显微镜的介绍及使用方法··················································································30
4.1 仪器简介·····················································································································30
4.2 仪器主要技术参数 ·····································································································31
4.3 仪器结构·····················································································································31
4.4 仪器的调整及使用方法······························································································32
4.4.1 JXD-Bb 型读数显微镜的调整及使用····························································32
4.4.2 JXD-CCD 型读数显微镜的调整及使用 ························································32
4.5 注意事项·····················································································································32
第 5 章 光学实验预备知识·····································································································34
5.1 光学元件和仪器的维护······························································································34
5.2 共轴调节·····················································································································35
5.3 消视差·························································································································36
5.4 仪器使用的其他注意事项··························································································37
5.5 课程实践学习注意事项······························································································38
5.5.1 进入实验室进行课堂实验的必备条件 ··························································38
5.5.2 实验报告要求·································································································38
第 6 章 基础光学实验·············································································································40
实验一 薄透镜的焦距测量·······························································································40
项目一 自准直法测薄凸透镜焦距··········································································41
项目二 用位移法测薄凸透镜焦距··········································································43
项目三 凹透镜的焦距测量 ·····················································································44
实验二 自组投影仪··········································································································46
实验三 自组显微镜··········································································································49
实验四 自组望远镜··········································································································55
项目一 开普勒望远镜系统 ·····················································································61
项目二 伽利略望远镜系统 ·····················································································63
实验五 分波面干涉——杨氏双缝干涉 ···········································································65
实验六 分振幅干涉——牛顿环干涉···············································································69
实验七 光栅衍射实验 ······································································································72
实验八 光的偏振特性 ······································································································75
项目一 起偏、检偏及马吕斯定律实验··································································75
项目二 沃拉斯顿棱镜及偏振光检测实验······························································78
项目三 波片的认识、椭圆偏振光的获取和检测···················································80
第 7 章 综合光学实验·············································································································85
实验一 光的空间相干性 ··································································································85
实验二 洛埃镜干涉··········································································································92
·VIII·
实验三 椭偏仪测量薄膜厚度和折射率 ···········································································96
项目一 手动椭偏仪测量薄膜厚度和折射率 ··························································99
项目二 自动椭偏仪测量薄膜厚度和折射率 ························································106
实验四 旋光仪测定溶液的浓度及旋光度 ·····································································114
实验五 自组装迈克耳孙干涉仪测量空气折射率··························································119
实验六 单缝和圆孔的夫琅禾费衍射·············································································123
实验七 单色仪与光谱测量·····························································································130
实验八 用法布里-珀罗干涉仪测钠黄光波长差 ····························································143
第 8 章 设计性及研究性光学实验 ·······················································································148
实验一 红外光源光谱特性、辐射强度空间分布及半值角的测量·······························148
实验二 精密测量微小位移量·························································································150
实验三 掠入射法测量液体的折射率·············································································152
实验四 数码显微镜、望远镜系统设计 ·········································································153
实验五 利用石英玻璃棒（光纤）来测量微小温度变化 ··············································154
实验六 利用衍射法进行微小尺度的自动化测量··························································156
实验七 光学元件质量的检测·························································································157